The Turkish language · Chapter 17

With, for, like, after

How Turkish puts its small relation words after the noun, and the endings each one wants: ile, için, gibi, kadar, göre, önce and sonra.

17.1 After the noun

English puts its small relation words before a noun: "for Ali", "like a child". Turkish puts them after it: Ali için, çocuk gibi. Grammars call them postpositions, since they come after; they do the work of English prepositions.

Each one wants the word before it in a set form. Some take it bare, with no ending. Some want it with -(y)A, "to", and some with -DAn, "from":

The word beforePostpositionsFor example
bareile, with; için, for; gibi, like; kadar, as much asAli için, for Ali
with -(y)Agöre, according to; kadar, until; doğru, towardsakşama kadar, until the evening
with -DAnönce, before; sonra, after; beri, sincedersten sonra, after the lesson

Before the bare ones, a noun stays bare: Ali için, not Ali'nin için. But the personal pronouns take the genitive, and so do bu, şu, o and kim: benim için, "for me", senin gibi, "like you", bunun için, "for this", kimin için?, "for whom?". onlar, "they", stays bare, and so does ne, "what": onlar için, ne için?, "what for?".

17.2 ile and -le: with

ile is "with": who you are with, and what you use. It is written as a word, ile, or as an ending, -(y)lA: -le or -la after a consonant, -yle or -yla after a vowel. The two mean the same; the ending is the everyday form. Ali ile is Ali'yle, otobüs ile is otobüsle, araba ile is arabayla.

Ayşe'yle sinemaya gittim.

Ayşe-yleAyşe-withsinema-yacinema-togit-ti-mgo-PAST-I
I went to the cinema with Ayşe.

İzmir'e otobüsle gittik.

İzmir-eİzmir-tootobüs-lebus-withgit-ti-kgo-PAST-we
We went to Izmir by bus.

Kalemle yazın.

kalem-lepen-withyaz-ınwrite-POL
Write in pen.

The pronouns take the genitive before it: benimle, "with me", seninle, onunla, bizimle, sizinle, but onlarla, "with them". kim does the same: kiminle?, "who with?".

Kiminle gidiyorsun?

kim-in-lewho-GEN-withgid-iyor-sungo-PROG-you
Who are you going with?

Onunla dün konuştum.

o-nun-lashe-GEN-withdünyesterdaykonuş-tu-mspeak-PAST-I
I spoke to her yesterday.

Turkish speaks "with" someone where English speaks "to" them. birlikte, "together", often follows, to make it plain that someone came along: Ayşe'yle birlikte, "together with Ayşe". Between two nouns, ile also means "and": Ali ile Ayşe, "Ali and Ayşe".

17.3 -li and -siz: with milk, without sugar

Two endings make adjectives out of nouns. -lI says "with", "having": şekerli, "with sugar". -sIz says "without": şekersiz, "without sugar". Both have four vowels: -li, -lı, -lu, -lü, and -siz, -sız, -suz, -süz. In the examples, "with" and "without" gloss them.

Sütlü kahve, lütfen.

süt-lümilk-withkahvecoffeelütfenplease
A coffee with milk, please.

Çay şekerli mi?

çayteaşeker-lisugar-withmiQ
Is there sugar in the tea?

Kahveyi şekersiz içerim.

kahve-yicoffee-ACCşeker-sizsugar-withoutiç-er-imdrink-AOR-I
I take my coffee without sugar.

Many everyday words are made this way: tuzlu, "salty", from tuz, "salt"; evli, "married", from ev, "house"; işsiz, "out of work", from iş, "work". After the name of a place, -lI says where someone is from: İzmirli, "from Izmir", Ankaralı, İstanbullu.

17.4 için: for

için is "for": who something is for, and what it is for.

Bu kahve senin için.

buthiskahvecoffeesen-inyou-GENiçinfor
This coffee's for you.

Ali için bir kitap aldım.

AliAliiçinforbirakitapbookal-dı-mbuy-PAST-I
I bought a book for Ali.

After a verb in -mAk, the infinitive, için says why someone does something, as English "to" or "in order to" does:

Türkçe öğrenmek için İstanbul'a geldim.

TürkçeTurkishöğren-meklearn-INFiçinforİstanbul-aİstanbul-togel-di-mcome-PAST-I
I came to Istanbul to learn Turkish.

bunun için and onun için, "for this", "for that", are also "that's why", at the start of a sentence.

17.5 gibi and kadar: like, as much as

gibi is "like": in the same way as, or the same kind of thing as.

Ali babası gibi doktor.

AliAlibaba-sıfather-itsgibilikedoktordoctor
Ali's a doctor, like his father.

Bebek gibi uyudum.

bebekbabygibilikeuyu-du-msleep-PAST-I
I slept like a baby.

Ayşe benim gibi öğrenci.

AyşeAyşeben-imI-GENgibilikeöğrencistudent
Ayşe's a student, like me.

kadar after a bare word is "as much as", and with an adjective, "as ... as":

Ayşe benim kadar uzun.

AyşeAyşeben-imI-GENkadaras.much.asuzuntall
Ayşe's as tall as me.

Ali, Mehmet kadar uzun değil.

AliAliMehmetMehmetkadaras.much.asuzuntalldeğilnot
Ali isn't as tall as Mehmet.

With bu and o it makes fixed phrases, with no genitive: bu kadar, "this much", o kadar, "that much" or "so". ne kadar, "how much", asks a price or an amount.

17.6 Bigger and biggest: daha and en

"Than" is -DAn, "from": Ali Mehmet'ten uzun, "Ali is taller than Mehmet", is "Ali is tall from Mehmet". daha, "more", can go before the adjective, and does when there is no -DAn: Bu ev daha büyük, "this house is bigger". en, "most", makes "the biggest", "the cheapest".

Ali Mehmet'ten uzun.

AliAliMehmet-tenMehmet-fromuzuntall
Ali's taller than Mehmet.

Ayşe benden büyük.

AyşeAyşeben-denI-frombüyükbig
Ayşe's older than me.

Bu ev daha büyük.

buthisevhousedahamorebüyükbig
This house is bigger.

En ucuz otel bu.

enmostucuzcheapotelhotelbuthis
This is the cheapest hotel.

Ayşe ailenin en küçüğü.

AyşeAyşeaile-ninfamily-GENenmostküçüğ-üsmall-its
Ayşe's the youngest in the family.

Of people, büyük and küçük, "big" and "small", are also "older" and "younger". In ailenin en küçüğü, "the family's youngest", the adjective stands for a noun, and takes -(s)I as a noun owned by the family would.

17.7 göre and kadar: words that want -e

göre is "according to", and wants -(y)A: Ali'ye göre, "according to Ali". Bana göre, "according to me", is "in my view".

Bana göre bu film çok güzel.

ban-aI-togöreaccording.tobuthisfilmfilmçokverygüzelgood
I think this film's very good.

göre is also "suited to": Bu iş bana göre değil, "this job isn't for me".

kadar after -(y)A is "until", or "as far as":

Akşama kadar çalıştım.

akşam-aevening-tokadaruntilçalış-tı-mwork-PAST-I
I worked until the evening.

Saat beşe kadar buradayım.

saathourbeş-efive-tokadaruntilbura-da-yımhere-at-I
I'm here until five.

Ankara'ya kadar otobüsle gittik.

Ankara-yaAnkara-tokadaruntilotobüs-lebus-withgit-ti-kgo-PAST-we
We went as far as Ankara by bus.

So kadar is "as much as" after a bare word, and "until" after -(y)A: the ending before it tells which. doğru, "towards", wants -(y)A too:

Eve doğru yürüdük.

ev-ehouse-todoğrutowardsyürü-dü-kwalk-PAST-we
We walked towards home.

17.8 önce and sonra: words that want -den

önce, "before", and sonra, "after", want -DAn: dersten önce, "before the lesson", yemekten sonra, "after the meal".

Yemekten sonra çay içtik.

yemek-tenmeal-fromsonraafterçayteaiç-ti-kdrink-PAST-we
We had tea after the meal.

Dersten önce kahve içelim.

ders-tenlesson-fromöncebeforekahvecoffeeiç-elimdrink-let's
Let's have a coffee before the lesson.

Saat beşten sonra evdeyim.

saathourbeş-tenfive-fromsonraafterev-de-yimhouse-at-I
I'm at home after five.

After a length of time they take no ending, and say "ago" and "later" or "in":

Ali iki saat önce geldi.

AliAliikitwosaathouröncebeforegel-dicome-PAST
Ali came two hours ago.

Üç gün sonra döneceğim.

üçthreegündaysonraafterdön-eceğ-imreturn-FUT-I
I'll be back in three days.

On their own they are "first" and "then" or "later": Önce kahve, sonra iş, "coffee first, then work". Sonra görüşürüz is "see you later".

beri, "since", wants -DAn too. Where English says "have been doing", Turkish uses -(I)yor, since the thing is still going on:

Sabahtan beri çalışıyorum.

sabah-tanmorning-fromberisinceçalış-ıyor-umwork-PROG-I
I've been working since this morning.

A length of time with -DIr says "for" that long, again with -(I)yor: iki yıldır, "for two years". It is the -DIr of "it is", put to another use, and "for" glosses it here. Kaç yıldır?, "for how many years?", asks how long.

İki yıldır Türkçe öğreniyorum.

ikitwoyıl-dıryear-forTürkçeTurkishöğren-iyor-umlearn-PROG-I
I've been learning Turkish for two years.

17.9 On, under, in front of

"In front of", "behind", "on" and "under" are nouns in Turkish: ön, "front", arka, "back", üst, "top", alt, "bottom", yan, "side", iç, "inside", ara, "the space between". "In front of the house" is "at the house's front": evin önünde, with the genitive, -(s)I, and -DA, and an n between the last two, as in evinde, "in his house".

NounWhere: -DAWhere to: -(y)AWhere from: -DAn
ön, frontönünde, in front ofönüneönünden
arka, backarkasında, behindarkasınaarkasından
üst, topüstünde, on, aboveüstüneüstünden
alt, bottomaltında, underaltınaaltından
yan, sideyanında, next toyanınayanından
iç, insideiçinde, in, insideiçineiçinden
ara, space betweenarasında, betweenarasınaarasından

-DA says where something is, -(y)A where it goes, and -DAn where it comes from, so English "under" is altında, altına or altından, as the verb needs.

Kedi masanın altında.

kedicatmasa-nıntable-GENalt-ı-ndabottom-its-at
The cat's under the table.

Banka postanenin yanında.

bankabankpostane-ninpost.office-GENyan-ı-ndaside-its-at
The bank is next to the post office.

Kitabı masanın üstüne koydum.

kitab-ıbook-ACCmasa-nıntable-GENüst-ü-netop-its-tokoy-du-mput-PAST-I
I put the book on the table.

Yatağın altından bir kedi çıktı.

yatağ-ınbed-GENalt-ı-ndanbottom-its-frombirakedicatçık-tıcome.out-PAST
A cat came out from under the bed.

With a pronoun, the possessive ending is that person's own, and the pronoun itself can be left out: yanımda, "next to me", önünüzde, "in front of you".

Gel, yanıma otur.

gelcomeyan-ım-aside-my-tootursit
Come and sit next to me.

yanında, "at his side", is also "with him", "at his place": Ali annesinin yanında, "Ali is at his mother's". One more word is built the same way, though it isn't about place: hakkında, "about". After a noun it needs no genitive: Türkiye hakkında bir kitap, "a book about Turkey".

Bu film ne hakkında?

buthisfilmfilmnewhathakkındaabout
What's this film about?